QJCS is committed to maintaining the accuracy and integrity of the scholarly record.

CORRECTIONS

A formal correction may be published where errors affect:

• Article metadata
• Authorship
• Data presentation
• Interpretation
• Figures or tables
• References

Corrections are permanently linked to the original article.

RETRACTIONS

Retraction may be appropriate where:

• Findings are unreliable because of serious error
• Research misconduct occurred
• Plagiarism occurred
• Duplicate publication occurred
• Data or results were fabricated or falsified
• Serious ethical violations occurred
• Peer review was compromised

The original article should ordinarily remain accessible but clearly marked as retracted.

EXPRESSIONS OF CONCERN

An Expression of Concern may be issued where serious questions exist but available evidence remains incomplete or an investigation is ongoing.

METADATA

Relevant DOI and bibliographic metadata should be updated following formal post-publication actions.